Separation is an important technique that most widely used in the laboratory. In 1850, the substances were separated by using filter paper, this was done by Schรถnbein. Michael S. Tswett is one of the researchers that was involved with the biochemistry of plants. At that time one could extract chlorophyll and other pigments from house plants, usually from the leaves, easily with ethanol. By evaporating this solvent, there remained a blackish extract which could be re-dissolved in many other solvents and in particular in petroleum ether (now one would say polar or non-polar solvents). However, this last solvent was unable to directly extract chlorophyll from the leaves which are not understood yet1. Many industries now find separations indispensable: the petroleum industry separates crude oil into products which used as fuel was unable to directly extract chlorophyll from the leaves was unable to directly extract chlorophyll from the leaves and chemical raw materials. The pharmaceutical industry separates natural and synthetic drugs to meet health need, and the mining industry is based on the separation of metal2.
Chromatography is a physico-chemical method of compound’s separation that dispersed based on mobile phase and stationary phase as a physical property and the solute will be separated according to its affinity towards mobile phase and stationary phase. The technique is classified depending on the type of mobile phase and stationary phase used. The separation technique is adsorption chromatography (mobile phase is liquid / stationary phase is solid), partition chromatography (liquid/liquid), since the stationary phase, in this case, is liquid then the stationary phase has to be bonded to the solid bonding support such as silica gel3, ion chromatography (buffered solution (organic or inorganic) / solid stationary phase has a surface composed of ionic sites), size exclusion chromatography (liquid/gel), and affinity chromatography using in which the biochemical mixtures between antigen and antibody is separated by it. Each separation technique is specified for specific mixture so gas chromatography is used for the volatile compound, ion exchange chromatography is used for separating ions, liquid chromatography is used to separate non-volatile compounds, size exclusion chromatography is used to separate compounds based on its molecular weight.1,4 Usually if the stationary phase that was packed on the column is solid then it’s known as column chromatography.
References:
Chromatography is a physico-chemical method of compound’s separation that dispersed based on mobile phase and stationary phase as a physical property and the solute will be separated according to its affinity towards mobile phase and stationary phase. The technique is classified depending on the type of mobile phase and stationary phase used. The separation technique is adsorption chromatography (mobile phase is liquid / stationary phase is solid), partition chromatography (liquid/liquid), since the stationary phase, in this case, is liquid then the stationary phase has to be bonded to the solid bonding support such as silica gel3, ion chromatography (buffered solution (organic or inorganic) / solid stationary phase has a surface composed of ionic sites), size exclusion chromatography (liquid/gel), and affinity chromatography using in which the biochemical mixtures between antigen and antibody is separated by it. Each separation technique is specified for specific mixture so gas chromatography is used for the volatile compound, ion exchange chromatography is used for separating ions, liquid chromatography is used to separate non-volatile compounds, size exclusion chromatography is used to separate compounds based on its molecular weight.1,4 Usually if the stationary phase that was packed on the column is solid then it’s known as column chromatography.
Gas Chromatography
HPLC(High-Performance Liquid Chromatography)
Column Chromatography involves a mobile phase flowering over a stationary phase
References:
1 F. Rouessac and A. Rouessac, Chemical Analysis: Modern Instrumentation Methods and Techniques, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2007. Available at: https://www.amazon.com/Chemical-Analysis-Instrumentation-MethodsTechniques/dp/0470859032
2 Karger, Barry L., (2017).Separation and purification. [Online] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/science/separation-and-purification
3 (2008-2009). In CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY I. Izmir Institute of Technology.
Column Chromatography. (2008-2009). In C. E. DEPARTMENT, CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY I. ฤฐzmir Institute of Technology Available at: www.iyte.edu.tr/~ekremozdemir/9-CC.doc
4 Gangadhara, Prema, "The synthesis and characterization of end-capped silica hydride stationary phase" (2011).Master's Theses.Paper 4048.
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