Professional Knowledge" Teacher Knowledge"

The four different kinds of knowledge are:
I. knowledge of content (knowing that): The teachers must not be poor in their base that they have to teach, so they should :

1. Have well known of the material
2. Teach what they understand
3. must know more than the basics
   
4. must know how the content is related to other topics

II. Pedagogical Knowledge ( knowing how): It is the way to deliver the idea. Each type of knowledge has a specific way to express with a particular content. So it is:

1. Ways to represent a topic
2.  Tends to make the information easy 
3. Based on students understanding, in which they will be able to apply it in the real world.

III. General Pedagogical Knowledge: Knowledge that shares between all teacher (teach in a general way, so every teacher should have). It is divided into instructional strategies and into the classroom management.

1. Instructional Strategies: The teacher needs to know and understand how to apply different ways of promoting learning like activities and strategies for running lesson smoothly.
2. Classroom Managment: The teacher needs to know how to create classroom management environment to promote learning like rules, monitor, how to react to misbehaviors, implement, plan,...

IV. Knowledge of learners and learning: 

1. The teacher does not teach content they teach students.
2. Adapt instruction to what the students already know
3. Promote discussion and questioning

Clarity: Framing the Learning

   Clarity is the area of performance that helps in creating mental acts, image who creates by the teacher within students' heads that will result in their understanding. It is not what the teacher does in the class but, it is what happened inside the students' heads and it is also about cognitive interaction so what students mean when they think about teaching.

   One way to decrease problems in class is to be clear when the students do not know what to do. As a result, they start distracting each other. So, as a teacher, it is very important to be very clear.

   Clear instructor and modern organized detailed are the criteria that were related to clarity. There are five areas of teacher behavior in Clarity, one of them is framing the big picture and it is divided into six categories:

I. Framing the Learning:
   It is to put a frame of the learning which makes it clear and meaningful. And help students to place the new information in a larger framework of meaning.

a- Framing the big picture:

1. Communicating the objectives: to let students know what is expected and what should they do. It is for students and it tells them what they will learn so they will be able to know what to focus on.
2. Giving students an itinerary: it is a roadmap that tells the students what to do in steps so they will be able to follow with teacher mentally. So, the list of activities they will be doing
3. Connecting to a big idea or essential question: Teacher needs to make the connection between different things and the aim of teaching is in order to make it meaningful and clear.
4. Explaining why the objective is worthwhile: Teachers should show the students that what they explaining is important and mention the crucial of learning because it makes students interested in the lesson. Also, the teacher ought to give students the reason and value of what they are learning.
5. Stating reasons for activities: tell the students why they are doing specific activities and how it leads to the purpose and to the big objective.
6. Communicating criteria for success: the teacher must tell the students what they require to do to prove the success at the beginning of the lesson, in order to make it rich for them. So it is when a performance involved.

b-Getting ready for instruction:

1. Activating students' current knowledge: The teacher needs to trigger their background knowledge in order to connect it with the new ideas and make it significant. This tells the students that you already know this topic this makes the students overcome their fears. The teacher can do different things to trigger their knowledge (brainstorming/ work splash,...).
2. Pre-assessing students knowledge: To know how much the students know about the topic and base our teaching on it.
3. Anticipating confusion and misconceptions: The teacher should know or guess the things that the students will be confused off while she is teaching, in order to make it clear.

 

 

Robotics.......

Injection Modeling

Throughout this introduction we will discuss the definition of one of the machining techniques that was used in the fabrication process of plastic which are explained in the  Industrial Chemistry course CHEM420 and realized on real world by a visit paid for Panda Plast Company, a plastic products manufacturing company in Bekaa: 

Injection Modeling:Shape-forming process in which molten metal or plastic is injected into aluminum, ceramic, or steel molds (shaped like the end product) and squeezed under high pressure (Dictionary, injection molding, 2016). The process is illustrated in Fig.1. 

Injection molding is employed mainly in the production of solid objects. It has many advantages and injection molding some of them. First, High Efficiency so once the injection molds have been designed, the actual molding process is very quick compared to other methods of molding. Plastic injection molding process hardly takes times and this allows more parts to be manufactured from a single mold. The high production of molding consists more cost effective and efficient. Second, Ability to Use Multiple Plastic Types Simultaneously is the ability to use different types of plastic simultaneously. This can be done with the help of co-injection molding, in which it used a specific type of plastic.
Reference:

Dictionary, B. (2016). injection molding. USA: webfinanceinc.

Separation Methods: the invention of chromatography

    Separation is an important technique that most widely used in the laboratory. In 1850, the substances were separated by using filter paper, this was done by Schönbein. Michael S. Tswett is one of the researchers that was involved with the biochemistry of plants. At that time one could extract chlorophyll and other pigments from house plants, usually from the leaves, easily with ethanol. By evaporating this solvent, there remained a blackish extract which could be re-dissolved in many other solvents and in particular in petroleum ether (now one would say polar or non-polar solvents). However, this last solvent was unable to directly extract chlorophyll from the leaves which are not understood yet¹. Many industries now find separations indispensable: the petroleum industry separates crude oil into products which used as fuel was unable to directly extract chlorophyll from the leaves was unable to directly extract chlorophyll from the leaves and chemical raw materials. The pharmaceutical industry separates natural and synthetic drugs to meet health need, and the mining industry is based on the separation of metal².
    Chromatography is a physico-chemical method of compound’s separation that dispersed based on mobile phase and stationary phase as a physical property and the solute will be separated according to its affinity towards mobile phase and stationary phase. The technique is classified depending on the type of mobile phase and stationary phase used. The separation technique is adsorption chromatography (mobile phase is liquid / stationary phase is solid), partition chromatography (liquid/liquid), since the stationary phase, in this case, is liquid then the stationary phase has to be bonded to the solid bonding support such as silica gel³, ion chromatography (buffered solution (organic or inorganic) / solid stationary phase has a surface composed of ionic sites), size exclusion chromatography (liquid/gel), and affinity chromatography using in which the biochemical mixtures between antigen and antibody is separated by it. Each separation technique is specified for specific mixture so gas chromatography is used for the volatile compound, ion exchange chromatography is used for separating ions, liquid chromatography is used to separate non-volatile compounds, size exclusion chromatography is used to separate compounds based on its molecular weight.^1,4 Usually if the stationary phase that was packed on the column is solid then it’s known as column chromatography.

Gas Chromatography

HPLC(High-Performance Liquid Chromatography)

Column Chromatography involves a mobile phase flowering  over a stationary phase 

References:

¹ F. Rouessac and A. Rouessac, Chemical Analysis: Modern Instrumentation Methods and Techniques, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2007. Available at: https://www.amazon.com/Chemical-Analysis-Instrumentation-MethodsTechniques/dp/0470859032 

² Karger, Barry L., (2017).Separation and purification. [Online] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/science/separation-and-purification 

³ (2008-2009). In CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY I. Izmir Institute of Technology. 

Column Chromatography. (2008-2009). In C. E. DEPARTMENT, CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY I. İzmir Institute of Technology Available at: www.iyte.edu.tr/~ekremozdemir/9-CC.doc

⁴ Gangadhara, Prema, "The synthesis and characterization of end-capped silica hydride stationary phase" (2011).Master's Theses.Paper 4048.

Silica Gel

Silica is also known silicon dioxide, thus it is an oxide of silicon as shown in (Figure 7) it’s made synthetically from sodium silicate.

Since it adsorbing agent, it can hold water vapor and thus it is classified as the desiccant. It is properties are summarized in (table 1).¹ Also, hydrophobic of the solvent is one of the other property that can be added to silica gel. This property leads to form a structure through hydrogen bonding, on which the silica gel is become amorphous and has the ability to become thick for the solvent system. The structural formula is shown in (Figure 8-a),  however, the tetrahedral coordination of Si atom with oxygen atoms will yield the structure shown in (Figure 8-b).  

    Silica is divided into two different types: crystalline and amorphous. The formation of amorphous silica is either by wet and thermal. The wet process is like silica gel and also known as precipitated silica. The thermal process formed fumed silica or pyrogenic silica. The production of silica gel is by the neutralization of a solution of alkali metal silicate with sulfuric acid (gelation). Mixing continues solidification begins; the gelation conditions dictate particle size in the hydrogel, the gel is washed with excess salt. The specific surface areas can be determined then by this procedure. Then silica gel’s pore is filled with water. Silica is used in paints, lacquers, plastics, and paper. The lipid layer is dehydrated by using a silica gel as an insecticide by absorption. Silica is used in cosmetics such as hair color sprays/aerosols. It was also used in non-cosmetic such as, filler in rubber formulations, silica was used as an anti-caking agent in dry powder for the food ingredient. In addition, to maintain flow properties in powder products and to inhibit the separation of components, silica should be used in pharmaceuticals as a thickener in pastes and ointments. This was mentioned by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel members.²

Reference:

¹ (23 March 2017).Silica Gel.[online] Available at :https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silica_gel

² Becker, L. C. (September 25, 2009). Safety Assessment of Silica and Related Cosmetic Ingredients. Washington.

Philosophy of Education"Western And Eastern"

   Education in eastern philosophy branched into several outlets so it doesn’t depend on one achievement. Vedic is one of the eastern philosophy. His aim is to develop the force of nature and make its information more understandable. In Vedic period this aim was more about how to explain and teach people and how to have life and how they really achieve that.

   Eastern philosophy is seen that education is a way achieving wisdom by maintaining the family structure, providing for social and academic concerns. 

In philosophy, eastern suffering accepted part of life. According to Buda, we know the causes of suffering eliminate the desire may be more prepared to minimize this. So, it becomes my job to know how to relate suffering. In eastern, they teach their people to minimize to use of the senses. They believe it’s impossible for the people to keep their senses a work all the time since it could be harmful and make them stress in their society. Over the last few decades, eastern they use to gain knowledge and learn something by giving the lecturing and stories. Such as, they use to learn students religion and stories of Prophet Mohammad. Strictly speaking, middle eastern are in majority in belief in followers to Islam which entitled that God owns everything in his world. Far Eastern focuses on stable traditions, accept as true in a sense of responsibility, they have faith in an unbending class structure, they have robust family bonds, they have influential lineages devotion, and they have confidence in castigation of the body (Kritsonis, 2002). This oral trade they pass from general to another. To sum up, we should also indicate several aspects of the eastern system: 1) Corporate Welfare and Growth-oriented 2) Cooperation and Friendly Mergers 2) Family-owned, Long-term Stockholding 3) Conservative Reserves and Allowances 4) Gradual and Continuous Managerial Improvements (Chang, 2009). Moreover, Eastern education philosophy enforces several rules so students must follow to perfect their outcome. Thus the student is criticized when failure is admitted as an act to motivate the student forward. Thus students will have the ability to convert those comments into a power of self-improvement. While western thinker depends on the more practical, efficient, social and political system.

They prefer to increase in senses and they care too much about other people, they believed that they need to use this senses to be learned. They stay open-minded. Thus the western looks in the process at educational institutes to realize their objectives (Hassan, Zainal Abiddin, & Anuar, 2011). This actually leverages the students’ competency towards greatest goals. And here, we could also add the following aspects: 1) Corporate Control 2) Diffused, Transient, and Myopic Ownership 3) Financial Innovations and Breakthroughs (Chang, 2009). This would definitely in addition to many other aspects affect the view and the way of dealing with the philosophy of educational systems. To emphasize more, Aristotle and Socrates are western philosophers who regularly encourage rational thinking.  That is why students are stimulated to think and share their opinions when they are involved in the group discussion or when they are carrying out their assignment. This, in fact, build strong confidence in students so they don’t be afraid of their mistakes and this is because the western philosophy of education is treated any idea positively so one can learn from mistakes. From Ancient Greece, Western Philosophy is aligned with philosophical thinking.  For instance, Jainism advocates promised not to hurt any form of life (Kritsonis, 2002). Confucius assumed that only after meaningful the goalmouth of excellence where one would reside; one would have a certain determination. This, in fact, means that only after having certain tenacity in life can one attain peace of mind. Thus, only after having attained calmness of mind can one have serene relaxation, only after having peaceful relaxation can one begin to contemplate, and only after one has educated to reflect can reach true acquaintance (Kritsonis, 2002).  I believed in the education that gets the benefit of humanity and respects my religion. For example, on social media, the invention of Whatsapp that was made by western, could be used in a good way or in a negative way. The good way to it first, it facilitates the communication and students can get more knowledge from their instruction by making a group for the class also build a good relationship between the instructor and students. However, Whatsapp could be used just too waste time. People used it to provoke others or by sending something un-moral and ethical to our situations. Nowadays the invention of robotics is the most essential technology that leads to facilitate the communities between educators and the different number of societies. However some people they tend to use it in a way that destroys the bridges of social life as well that destroys the humanities. According to the previous example, the education could be used in a good way and it could be bad. Here I would like to echo the worlds of sheikh Al-Boty, the location of knowledge is the brain and it’s only the lights to distinguish between the straight paths from the curvature paths. The knowledge is like the light bulbs in front of the car only. However, the car needs some kind of force to propel it forward. So as humans in order to move forward, we need the love that is located inside our hearts. In general, the education even propels the humanities to the forward or repel it to the background. And the direction of light is the peoples’ decision, so how they react with the education they will go. No one can live without education because all the world cares to be an educated person and care to develop their self. This can be done by look and understand all the angle side of this world. 

   As a conclusion, Education exists to cause change for better in individuals, societies, countries and the whole world. Though there are different places, whether western or eastern and thus different cultures which in turn affect the way it shapes individuals.  Fortunately, the different ways of approaching the educational systems are intended to get the same outcome. While one stresses the active learning and the other passive learning, one gives space of freedom for student and get him/her involved and the other treat students as receivers and so on. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages. But, this report indicates the importance of merging the two philosophies and to be ready to accept any other changes from any other origin. Life is changing so fast than ever before and the educational systems must also get adapted to such changes.  Otherwise, both systems will fall behind the globalization dominance and wouldn’t work then anyway. We have to be honest and commit that there is something tremendously happening all over the world.

References:

1-Chang, S. J. (2009). When East and West Meet: An Essay on the Importance of Cultural Understanding in Global Business Practice and Education. Journal of International Business and Cultural Studies, 1-13.
2-Hassan, A., Zainal Abiddin, N., & Anuar, N. (2011, 7 31). Viewing the Philosophy of Education from the Perspectives of Different Schools of Thought. International Review of Social Sciences and Humanities, pp. Vol. 1, No. 2 (2011), pp. 55-64.

3-Kritsonis. W.A. (2002). Schooling. BookMasters, Inc.